OncologyDr. Mohit AgarwalCancer Diagnosis

Principal Director & Unit Head - Medical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi, India

Part 4 of 8 in Diagnosis and Detection of Cancer

The Seven Warning Signs of Cancer and How Biopsy Works

May 19, 2024

Recognising cancer's warning signs and understanding how biopsy actually works are the two things that most consistently bring patients to diagnosis earlier.

The seven warning signs

The seven classic warning signs of cancer are: a change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore or ulcer that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge from any part of the body, a lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere, difficulty swallowing, a change in a wart or mole, and a nagging cough or hoarseness lasting more than four weeks.

Biopsy does not spread cancer

A common myth is that biopsying a tumour causes it to spread faster; this is false, and biopsy remains the way cancer is actually diagnosed. Techniques have also become highly specific, such as CT-guided lung biopsies that precisely target a mass. A patient can also have entirely normal blood counts, kidney and liver function tests and still have cancer, since these organs are not necessarily involved.

This article is based on a Jivo Masterclass session conducted by Dr. Mohit Agarwal, Principal Director & Unit Head, Medical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi. The article has been summarised with the assistance of an AI tool from the original masterclass recording. Watch the full Masterclass recording

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This guide is based on a live Jivo Masterclass: Dr. Mohit Agarwal taught doctors across Africa on May 19, 2024.

FROM THE LIVE Q&A

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Moderator

How can we bring cancer diagnostics down to the local level?

MA

Dr. Mohit Agarwal

Only through education and awareness. If patients know the seven warning signs of cancer, they will talk to their doctor and undertake screening, which brings cancer diagnosis down to the local level and enables earlier treatment.

See all 16 questions from this masterclass →

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Frequently Asked Questions

To prevent cancer death and increase early treatment, what can be done to detect and diagnose cancer?

The same principle applies: go for screening, be aware of the warning signs, and maintain a healthy lifestyle - regular exercise, no tobacco, minimal alcohol and a balanced diet. Doing these things means you will either not develop cancer or you will catch it early.

What are the risks of working in a close environment to chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy, if not handled properly, can be toxic to people nearby. It has to be prepared in a specific mixing unit with proper precautions, and only staff trained in handling and administering chemotherapy should give it.

What are the best treatment options for already metastasised malignant disease?

It is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It depends on the individual patient, which cancer is present in the body, and which site it has metastasised to. Treatment can be chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy depending on exactly what is being treated.

Why do brain tumours relapse so much compared with other tumours?

Brain tumours relapse mainly if they are high-grade or advanced-stage. Complete surgical removal of a brain tumour is nearly impossible, so high-grade or advanced tumours are more likely to recur; patients with low-grade tumours tend to be cured.

A male patient has a cystic mass with solid components draining blood-stained, chocolate-coloured, thick fluid from the left breast, with histology not yet available - what type of breast cancer is this likely to be, and what is the likely prognosis?

Any discharge from a male breast is not normal - it can be an infection, a malignancy, or something arising from the chest wall. The key next step is imaging and a histopathological diagnosis; this could turn out to be breast cancer, which would need immediate treatment.

What are the seven warning signs of cancer?

Change in bowel/bladder habits, a non-healing sore, unusual bleeding or discharge, a lump or thickening, difficulty swallowing, a changing wart or mole, and a persistent cough/hoarseness over four weeks.

Does a biopsy cause cancer to spread faster?

No - this is a myth. Biopsy is the standard, necessary way cancer is diagnosed and does not accelerate spread.

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